مُنْدُ
Root: منذ
Full Definition
مُنْدُ
is a simple word; or, accord. to some, a compound word, as will be explained hereáfter: Sb says, that it is with respect to time like مِنْ with respect to place: it is indecl., [generally] with damm for its termination; and مُذْ is indecl. also, [generally] with its final letter quiescent, [unless followed by a quiescent letter, when it is movent in different manners which will be shown below,] and it is formed from مُنْذُ by elision: منذ is also written and pronounced مِنْذُ, in the dial. of the Benoo-Suleym; and مذ, مِذْ, in the dial. of the tribe of 'Okl. Each may be a prep., governing what follows it in the gen. case, and used in the same manner as فِى [signifying In, or during, or from the beginning of]: and in this case, each is prefixed only to that which denotes present time: thus you say, مَا رَأَيْتُهُ مُذُ اللَّيْلَةِ [I have not seen him in this night; or simply I have not seen him this night]: or each is followed by a noun in the gen. case, and in this instance is a prep., in the sense of مِنْ [meaning Since, or lit., from,] when relating to a past time [such as a particular past day or the like]; and in the sense of فِى [meaning In, or from the beginning of,] when relating to the present time; and in the sense of مِنْ and إِلَى together [meaning From the beginning to the end of; or during the whole course of; or simply during, or for;] when relating to a computed period of time, or number of days or the like: ex. [relating to a past time,] مَا رَأَيْتُهُ مُنْذُ يَوْمِ الخَمِيسِ [I have not seen him since Thursday,
إِلَى ٱلْآنَ
to the present time]; and [relating to the present time,] مُنْذُ يَوْمِنَا or عَامِنَا [in, or from the beginning of, our day, or our year;]; and, [relating to a computed period of time, or number of days or the like,] مُنْذُ ثَلَاثَةِ أَيَّامٍ [from the beginning to the end of, i. e., during, or for, three days]. Each may also be a noun, governing the noun which follows it in the nom. case, as signifying a particular day or the like, or as signifying a definite length of time: in the case of a noun signifying a particular day or the like, you say, مَا رَأَيْتُهُ مُذْ يَوْمُ الجُمْعَةِ [I have not seen him ; the commencement of the space of time thereof (i. e., أَوَّلُ مُدَّةِ عَدَمِ رُؤْيَتِى إِيَّاهُ
the commencement of the space of time of my not seeing him) was Friday; meaning, since Friday]: and, in the case of a noun signifying a definite length of time, you say, مَا رَأَيْتُهُ مُذْ سَنَةٌ, meaning, أَمَدُ
ذٰلِكَ سَنَةٌ, [I have not seen him ; the time thereof (i. e., أَمَدُ عَدَمِ رُؤْيَتِى إِيَّاهُ
the time of my not seeing him) is a year; meaning, during, or for, a year;] and the noun in this latter case can only be indeterminate; for you cannot say, مُذْ سَنَةُ كَذَا: when followed by a noun in the nom. case, as in the instance of مُنْذُ يَوْمَانِ [or, accord. to more approved usage, مُذْ يَوْمَانِ, as will be shown below, The time is two days, meaning during, or for, two days], each is an inchoative, and what follows it is an enunciative; and its meaning is the time with respect to what is present, and to a computed period, or a number of days or the like; and the commencement of the space of time with respect to a past time [such as a particular past day or the like]: or each is an adv. n. [of time], an enunciative, of which what follows is the inchoative, and meaning بَيْنَ وَبَيْنَ, as in the instance of لَقِيتُهُ مُنْذُ يَوْمَانِ, [or, rather, مُذْ يَوْمَانِ,] i. e., بَيْنِى وَبَيْنَ لِقَائِهِ يَوْمَانِ [Two days have been between the time in which I now am and my meeting him]: but this opinion is rejected by Ibn-Hájib. Accord. to some of the Arabs, for they differ on this point, مذ governs in the gen. case a noun signifying a past time and one signifying a time not past: and accord. to some of them, منذ governs in the nom. case a noun signifying a past time and one signifying a time not past: but the general and most approved way is to make مذ govern in the gen. case a noun signifying a time not past, and in the nom. case one signifying a time past; and to make منذ govern in the gen. case a noun signifying a time not past and one signifying a time past: most of the Arabs hold, that each must govern in the gen. case a noun signifying the present time; and that it is preferable to make منذ govern in the same case, and to make مذ govern in the nom. case, a noun signifying a past time: [they therefore say, مُنْذُ اللَّيْلَةِ and مُذُ اللَّيْلَةِ, and مُنْذُ يَوْمِ الخَمِيسِ and مُنْذُ يَوْمَينِ; but they say, مُذْ يَوْمُ الخَمِيسِ and مُذْ يَوْمَانِ.] Some [or, rather, most] say, لَمْ أَرَهُ مُذْ يَوْمَانِ, and لَمْ أَرَهُ مُنْذُ
يَوْمَينِ, [I have not seen him for, or during, two days;] making مذ [in these instances] to govern the nom. case; and منذ, the gen. case. Such is said when the period of separation is a day and part of a day. (Msb, art. شهر.) The Benoo-Dabbeh and Er-Rabáb make مذ to govern the gen. case in every instance. The phrases, مَا رَأَيْتُهُ مُذْ عَامٌ أَوَّلُ, and مُذْ عَامٌ أَوَّلَ, (S, K, art. وأل; and L,) and مُذْ عَامُ الأَوَّلِ, and مُذْ
عَامًا أَوَّلَ, [I have not seen him since last year,] are also mentioned by different authors. The Arabs generally agree in pronouncing منذ with damm to the ذ when it is followed by a movent or a quiescent letter; as in لَمْ أَرَهُ مُنْذُ يَوْمٍ, and مُنْذُ اليَوْمِ: and to pronounce مذ with the ذ quiescent when it is followed by a movent letter, and with damm and [sometimes] with kesr when it is followed by a conjunctive ا; as in لَمْ أَرَهُ مُذْ يَوْمَانِ, and لَمْ أَرَهُ مُذُ اليَوْمِ, [and مُذِ اليَوْمِ]: and so say most of the grammarians. Lh says, The Benoo-'Obeyd, of the tribe of Ghanee, make the ذ of مذ movent when it is followed by a movent or a quiescent letter, and make the noun following it to be in the nom. case, saying مُذُ اليَوْمُ; and some of them pronounce it with kesr when followed by a quiescent letter, saying مُذِ اليَوْمُ; but this is not the proper way. In the phrase مَا رَأَيْتُهُ مُذُ اليَوْمِ, the Arabs make the ذ movent because of the occurrence [otherwise] of two quiescent letters together; and they [generally] give it not kesr, but damm, because the latter is the final vowel of its original منذ. One says also, مَا لَقِيتُةُ مُنْذَ اليَوْمِ, and مُذَ اليَوْمِ, which fet-h to the ذ in each. The Benoo-Suleym are related to have used the expression مَا رَأَيْتُهُ
مِنْذُ سِتٌّ [by ستّ meaning six nights], with kesr to the م of منذ, and with the noun following it in the nom. case: and the tribe of 'Okl are related to have used the expression مِذُ يَوْمَانِ, with the ن elided, and with kesr to the م, and damm to the ذ.
2 Each of the two words منذ and مذ is also followed by a verbal proposition, as in the instance
3 The original of مذ is منذ, because they restore the dammeh
4 Accord. to some, منذ and مذ are originally مِنْ and إِذْ, which are made one word, by eliding the hemzeh, and then giving damm to the ذ because of the occurrence of two quiescent letters together; مُنْذُ كَانَ [and مُذْ كَانَ] meaning مِنْ إِذْ كَانَ: but there is nothing to indicate the truth of this opinion: or, as some say, منذ and مذ are originally the prep. من and ذو in the sense of الَّذِى in the dial. of Teiyi: so says Fr.; adding, that when either governs a gen. case, it is used in the manner of مَنْ; and when it governs a nom. case, it is as though one said, [in using the expression مُنْذُ أَوْ مُذْ يَوْمَانِ,] مِنَ ٱلَّذِى هُوَ يَوْمَانِ; and that the former government prevails in the case of منذ because the ن is not suppressed: or, as some say, they are originally مِنْ and the noun of indication ذَا; so that in the phrase مَا رَأَيْتُهُ مُنْذُ يَوْمَانِ, [accord. to more approved usage, مُذْ يَوْمَانِ,] we virtually say, مِنْ ذَا ٱلْوَقْتِ يَوْمَانِ: but each of these assertions is a deviation from the plain way.
2 Each of the two words منذ and مذ is also followed by a verbal proposition, as in the instance
[He has not ceased, since his two hands tied his wrapper of the lower part of the body]: or a nominal proposition, as in the instanceمَا زَالَ مُذْ عَقَدَتْ يَدَاهُ إِزَازَهُ
[And I ceased not to seek wealth from the time of my being a youth, or young man]: in such cases, each is an adv. n. prefixed to the proposition [and governing it virtually in the gen. case], or to a noun significant of time [understood as] prefixed thereto [in the same manner]: or, as some say, each is an inchoative.وَلَا زِلْتُ أَبْغِى المَالَ مُذْ أَنَا يَافِعٌ
3 The original of مذ is منذ, because they restore the dammeh
4 Accord. to some, منذ and مذ are originally مِنْ and إِذْ, which are made one word, by eliding the hemzeh, and then giving damm to the ذ because of the occurrence of two quiescent letters together; مُنْذُ كَانَ [and مُذْ كَانَ] meaning مِنْ إِذْ كَانَ: but there is nothing to indicate the truth of this opinion: or, as some say, منذ and مذ are originally the prep. من and ذو in the sense of الَّذِى in the dial. of Teiyi: so says Fr.; adding, that when either governs a gen. case, it is used in the manner of مَنْ; and when it governs a nom. case, it is as though one said, [in using the expression مُنْذُ أَوْ مُذْ يَوْمَانِ,] مِنَ ٱلَّذِى هُوَ يَوْمَانِ; and that the former government prevails in the case of منذ because the ن is not suppressed: or, as some say, they are originally مِنْ and the noun of indication ذَا; so that in the phrase مَا رَأَيْتُهُ مُنْذُ يَوْمَانِ, [accord. to more approved usage, مُذْ يَوْمَانِ,] we virtually say, مِنْ ذَا ٱلْوَقْتِ يَوْمَانِ: but each of these assertions is a deviation from the plain way.
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