غَيْرٌ
Root: غير
Full Definition
غَيْرٌ
signifies i. q.
سِوًى [Other]: and the pl. is أَغْيَارٌ: [but غَيْر itself often has a pl. meaning, as will be seen in what follows:] or [accord. to general usage, as will be seen below,] غَيْرُ signifies i. q.
سِوَى [other than; exclusively of; or not, as used before a substantive or an adjective]. (Msb, K: in the CK [erroneously] سِوًى.) It is used to qualify a subst.; [governing the noun that follows it in the gen. case;] and when so used, it is put in the same case as the noun preceding it. It qualifies an indeterminate noun: you say جَآءَنِى رَجُلٌ غَيْرُكَ [A man, other than, or not, thou, came to me]: and نَعْمَلْ صَالِحًا
غَيْرَ ٱلَّذِى كُنَّا نَعْمَلُ [We will in that case do good, other than, or not, what we used to do: ]: and مِنْ مَآءٍ غَيْرِ آسِنٍ [Of water other than, or not, altered in taste and colour]. It is a noun necessarily prefixed, as to the sense, to a noun which it governs in the gen. case: but sometimes it is without the latter, when the meaning is understood and it is preceded by لَيْسَ, or by لَا: [in which case it signifies Any other person or thing; any person or thing beside, or else:] you say قَبَضْتُ عَشَرَةً لَيْسَ غَيْرُهَا [I received ten; not other than they was received by me; i. e., not any other thing; or not anything beside, or else]; the enunciative, مَقْبُوضًا, being suppressed: and ليس
غَيْرَهَا, the noun [of ليس] being understood; i. e., لَيْسَ المَقْبُوضُ غَيْرَهَا: and ليس غَيْرَ; in which the affixed noun [for المضاف, in the K, I read المضاف اليه, as in the Mughnee,] is suppressed, and the noun [of ليس] is also understood: and ليس غَيْرُ; in which, accord. to Mbr, and the later authors, غير is indecl., being likened to قَبْلُ and بَعْدُ, so that it may be either the noun or the enunciative [of ليس] or, accord. to Akh, it is decl., because it is not a noun of time like قَبْلُ and بَعْدُ, nor of place like فَوْقُ and تَحْتُ, but like كُلٌّ and بَعْضٌ, so that it is the noun [of ليس], and the enunciative is suppressed; or it may be either indecl. or decl., accord. to Ibn-Kharoof: and ليس غَيْرًا, and ليس غَيْرٌ; in both which cases it is decl., as though the affixed noun were mentioned: and لَا غَيْرُ; for the saying, [which we find in the Mughnee,] app. taken from a statement of Seer, that this is incorrect, is not good, since it occurs in the following verse, cited by Ibn-Málik;
2 It does not become determinate by its being prefixed to another noun, because it is very vague: but it is also applied as an epithet to a determinate noun which is near to being indeterminate; as in صِرَاطَ ٱلَّذِينَ أَنْعَمْتَ عَلَيْهِمْ غَيْرِ ٱلْمَغْضُوبِ عَلَيْهِمْ [The way of those upon whom Thou hast conferred favour; the other than, or those who are not, the objects of anger; ] because the noun rendered determinate by the art. ال denoting a genus is near to being indeterminate, and because when غير occurs between two contraries its vagueness becomes weakened, or altogether departs: or it is here applied as an epithet to a determinate noun because it resembles a determinate noun in its being prefixed to such a noun: Az says that غير is here in the gen. case because it is an epithet to الذين; and that it may be an epithet to [what is technically termed in this instance] a determinate noun [as having the article ال prefixed to it] because الذين has not [in itself] a direct meaning (لِأَنَّ الَّذِينَ غَيْرُ مَصْمُودٍ صَمْدُهُ), [it being merely a conjunct noun, the meaning of which is determined by what follows it,] notwithstanding it has the art. ال prefixed to it: Abu-l-'Abbás says that Fr holds الذين to have the office of an indeterminate noun; and غير to be an epithet of it; not of any other noun; but that غير, accord. to some, may be an epithet relating to the nouns implied in انعمت عليهم, these not having a direct meaning: Akh says that غير [with what follows] is a substitute [for الذين with what follows], as though the meaning were صِرَاطَ غَيْرِ المَغْضُوبِ عَلَيْهِمْ [the way
3 As it resembles a determinate noun in its being prefixed to a determinate noun, [as المغضوب in the above-cited passage of the Kur,] some have presumed to prefix to it the article ال: but against this it may be urged, that its prefixion to a determinate noun is not to render the expression determinate, but for specification; and ال does not imply specification.
4 In the following verse of Hassán,
5 [وَغَيْرُ ذٰلِكَ is a phrase of frequent occurrence, meaning Et cœtera.]
6 غَيْرُ is also used in the sense of لَيْسَ [He, or it, is not]; as in the phrase كَلَامُ ٱللّٰهِ غَيْرُ مَخْلُوقٍ [The word of God is not created], syn. لَيْسَ بِمَخْلُوقٍ.
7 It is also used in the sense of لَا [meaning Not, as used before a participle]; and then it is in the accus. case, as a denotative of state; as in the phrase فَمَنِ ٱضْطُرَّ غَيْرَ بَاغٍ, in the Kur [ii. 168, and other places], i. e., جَائِعًا لَا بَاغِيًا [But whosoever is necessitated, being hungry, not transgressing the due bounds].
8 It is also used as an exceptive, in the sense of إِلَّا [Except; save; or but]; and then it is put in the same case in which the word following إِلَّا would be put in the same phrase, because it is originally a qualificative, and its use as an exceptive is adventitious: therefore you say جَآءَ القَوْمُ غَيْرَ زَيْدٍ [The people came, except Zeyd]; and مَا جَآءَنِى أَحَدٌ غَيْرَ زَيْدٍ and غَيْرُ زَيْدٍ [Not any one came to me, except Zeyd]: or its case depends upon the governing words, so that you say مَا قَامَ غَيْرُ زَيْدٍ [No one stood, except Zeyd], and مَا رَأَيْتُ غَيْرَ زَيْدٍ [I saw not any, except Zeyd]: but Fr says that some of the Benoo-Asad and Kudá'ah put غير in the accus. case, when used in the sense of إِلَّا, whether the phrase before it be complete or incomplete; saying مَا جَآءَنِى غَيْرَكَ [Not any one came to me, except thou], and ما جاءنى أَحَدٌ غَيْرَكَ [Not any one came to me, except thou]: and AA says that when غير has the place of إِلَّا, it is put in the accus. case. In the saying لَا إِلٰهَ غَيْرُ ٱللّٰهِ [There is no deity other than God], غير is in the nom. case because it is the enunciative of لا; but it may be put in the accus. case, as meaning إِلَّا. When, as an exceptive, it is prefixed to an indecl. word [and not preceded by a prep.], it may be itself indecl., with fet-h for its termination; as in the following verse;
9 [It is often used with a prep.; as in بِغَيْرِ حِسَابٍ Without reckoning; and مِنْ غَيْرِ سُوْءٍ Without leprosy. ]
def.2 غَيْرٌ and غِيَرٌ signifying The act of altering, or changing, i. q. تَغْيِيرٌ, are substs. from غَيَّرَهُ; not inf. ns., as having no unaugmented verb.
2 [Hence,] الدَّهْرِ, the former of these two words being of the same measure as عِنَب, The accidents, or casualties, of time or fortune, which alter, or change, things: [or alteration, or change, of time or of fortune; for] IAmb says, with respect to the saying لَا أَرَانِى ٱللّٰهُ بِكَ غِيَرًا [May God not show me, in thee, alteration of state], that غِيَرٌ is from تَغَيُّرُ الحَالِ, a subst. like قِطَعٌ [as meaning “ a portion of the night ”]; or that it may be a pl., of which the sing. is .
3 [Hence also,] بَنَاتُ غَيْرٍ [or , as in Freytag's Arab. Prov. i. 309,]
[Aim thou at having an answer by which thou mayest be safe; for, by our Lord, respecting an action which thou shalt have done before, not any other thing, or not anything beside or else, thou wilt be asked].جَوَابًا بِهِ تَنْجُو ٱعْتَمِدْ فَوَرَبِّنَا لَعَنْ عَمَلٍ أَسْلَفْتَ لَا غَيْرُ تُسْأَلُ
2 It does not become determinate by its being prefixed to another noun, because it is very vague: but it is also applied as an epithet to a determinate noun which is near to being indeterminate; as in صِرَاطَ ٱلَّذِينَ أَنْعَمْتَ عَلَيْهِمْ غَيْرِ ٱلْمَغْضُوبِ عَلَيْهِمْ [The way of those upon whom Thou hast conferred favour; the other than, or those who are not, the objects of anger; ] because the noun rendered determinate by the art. ال denoting a genus is near to being indeterminate, and because when غير occurs between two contraries its vagueness becomes weakened, or altogether departs: or it is here applied as an epithet to a determinate noun because it resembles a determinate noun in its being prefixed to such a noun: Az says that غير is here in the gen. case because it is an epithet to الذين; and that it may be an epithet to [what is technically termed in this instance] a determinate noun [as having the article ال prefixed to it] because الذين has not [in itself] a direct meaning (لِأَنَّ الَّذِينَ غَيْرُ مَصْمُودٍ صَمْدُهُ), [it being merely a conjunct noun, the meaning of which is determined by what follows it,] notwithstanding it has the art. ال prefixed to it: Abu-l-'Abbás says that Fr holds الذين to have the office of an indeterminate noun; and غير to be an epithet of it; not of any other noun; but that غير, accord. to some, may be an epithet relating to the nouns implied in انعمت عليهم, these not having a direct meaning: Akh says that غير [with what follows] is a substitute [for الذين with what follows], as though the meaning were صِرَاطَ غَيْرِ المَغْضُوبِ عَلَيْهِمْ [the way
3 As it resembles a determinate noun in its being prefixed to a determinate noun, [as المغضوب in the above-cited passage of the Kur,] some have presumed to prefix to it the article ال: but against this it may be urged, that its prefixion to a determinate noun is not to render the expression determinate, but for specification; and ال does not imply specification.
4 In the following verse of Hassán,
the meaning is, [A prophet came to us, who appeared in the darkness of night, a director in the right way,] and we did not weigh another than him with another than the other, i. e., with him.أَتَانَا فَلَمْ نَعْدِلْ سِوَاهُ بِغَيْرِهِ نَبِىٌّ بَدَا فِى ظُلْمَةِ اللَّيْلِ هَادِيَا
5 [وَغَيْرُ ذٰلِكَ is a phrase of frequent occurrence, meaning Et cœtera.]
6 غَيْرُ is also used in the sense of لَيْسَ [He, or it, is not]; as in the phrase كَلَامُ ٱللّٰهِ غَيْرُ مَخْلُوقٍ [The word of God is not created], syn. لَيْسَ بِمَخْلُوقٍ.
7 It is also used in the sense of لَا [meaning Not, as used before a participle]; and then it is in the accus. case, as a denotative of state; as in the phrase فَمَنِ ٱضْطُرَّ غَيْرَ بَاغٍ, in the Kur [ii. 168, and other places], i. e., جَائِعًا لَا بَاغِيًا [But whosoever is necessitated, being hungry, not transgressing the due bounds].
8 It is also used as an exceptive, in the sense of إِلَّا [Except; save; or but]; and then it is put in the same case in which the word following إِلَّا would be put in the same phrase, because it is originally a qualificative, and its use as an exceptive is adventitious: therefore you say جَآءَ القَوْمُ غَيْرَ زَيْدٍ [The people came, except Zeyd]; and مَا جَآءَنِى أَحَدٌ غَيْرَ زَيْدٍ and غَيْرُ زَيْدٍ [Not any one came to me, except Zeyd]: or its case depends upon the governing words, so that you say مَا قَامَ غَيْرُ زَيْدٍ [No one stood, except Zeyd], and مَا رَأَيْتُ غَيْرَ زَيْدٍ [I saw not any, except Zeyd]: but Fr says that some of the Benoo-Asad and Kudá'ah put غير in the accus. case, when used in the sense of إِلَّا, whether the phrase before it be complete or incomplete; saying مَا جَآءَنِى غَيْرَكَ [Not any one came to me, except thou], and ما جاءنى أَحَدٌ غَيْرَكَ [Not any one came to me, except thou]: and AA says that when غير has the place of إِلَّا, it is put in the accus. case. In the saying لَا إِلٰهَ غَيْرُ ٱللّٰهِ [There is no deity other than God], غير is in the nom. case because it is the enunciative of لا; but it may be put in the accus. case, as meaning إِلَّا. When, as an exceptive, it is prefixed to an indecl. word [and not preceded by a prep.], it may be itself indecl., with fet-h for its termination; as in the following verse;
[Nought prevented the drinking from it, except that a pigeon cooed, upon branches having اوقال, which app. means stumps of cut shoots]. [See also an ex. (of غَيْرَ أَنَّ) in a verse cited voce بَيْدَ.]لَمْ يَمْنَعِ الشُّرْبَ مِنْهَا غَيْرَ أَنْ نَطَقَتْ حَمَامَةٌ فِى غُصُونٍ ذَاتِ أَوْقَالِ
9 [It is often used with a prep.; as in بِغَيْرِ حِسَابٍ Without reckoning; and مِنْ غَيْرِ سُوْءٍ Without leprosy. ]
def.2 غَيْرٌ and غِيَرٌ signifying The act of altering, or changing, i. q. تَغْيِيرٌ, are substs. from غَيَّرَهُ; not inf. ns., as having no unaugmented verb.
2 [Hence,] الدَّهْرِ, the former of these two words being of the same measure as عِنَب, The accidents, or casualties, of time or fortune, which alter, or change, things: [or alteration, or change, of time or of fortune; for] IAmb says, with respect to the saying لَا أَرَانِى ٱللّٰهُ بِكَ غِيَرًا [May God not show me, in thee, alteration of state], that غِيَرٌ is from تَغَيُّرُ الحَالِ, a subst. like قِطَعٌ [as meaning “ a portion of the night ”]; or that it may be a pl., of which the sing. is .
3 [Hence also,] بَنَاتُ غَيْرٍ [or , as in Freytag's Arab. Prov. i. 309,]
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